Autor: theologick

VLADISLAV SHESTAKOV / GABRIEL KŇAŽEK

KATEDRA PSYCHOLOGIE, FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA, UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI
DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY, FACULTY OF ARTS, PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY OLOMOUC

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A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CHARACTER ACCENTUATIONS IN RESPONDENTS PRACTICING
OCCULTISM

Abstract: The article deals with a psychological analysis of character accentuations in respondents
practicing the occult. The aim is to identify personality accentuations and reveal psychological
personality types. The authors use the psychological character questionnaire Accent of Personality
of Leonhard and Shmishek for research. The sample includes ninety respondents with Belarusian
and Russian citizenship, of which 25 were men and 65 women. The average age of the respondents
is thirty years. Quantitative research took place during the years 2019–2020 and was carried out
by electronic data collection via Google Forms. The research shows that out of a total of ninety
respondents, 86 respondents tend to have some emphasis. Research confirms the view that
respondents tend to believe in a number of alternative ideas, such as psychokinesis, reincarnation,
astrology, witchcraft, and supernatural psychic abilities. The results can also be used by the staff
of the centers when working with adolescents who are interested in the occult but do not profess
any religion. Psychologists can use the results obtained in psychological training or psychodrama to
normalize the emotional behavior of participants.

Keywords: occultism; character accentuation; witchcraft; magy; spirituality

THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, Vol. 92, 2021, No. 4, Number of Article 4 p. 463 – 474.

DOI: 10.14712/12117617.92.4.4

CARSTEN SELCH JENSEN

TEOLOGICKÁ FAKULTA KODAŇSKÉ UNIVERZITY, DÁNSKO
UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN FACULTY OF THEOLOGY, DENMARK

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THE BALTIC CRUSADES: A THEOLOGY OF HOLY WAR IN BALTIC SEA REGION AROUND 1200

Abstract: This notion of a biblical inspired holy war against the enemies of God and his holy church
came to influence much of the theological reasoning of the crusades and the overall military campaigns
that became part of the crusades. That also holds true with regards to crusading activities in
the Baltic Sea Region. This paper discusses first of all the developments in the theological reasoning
behind the notion of these holy and divine wars and how they came to merge with the idea of
mission and crusading. In that respect, some scholars have argued that the legal tradition of the
just war dating back to Roman times with an important supplement through the writings of St.
Augustine slowly was put on the defensive by a more theological based notion of a biblical holy war
during the high medieval period that in a more profound way came to influence the theological and
practical ideas behind crusading warfare, not least in the Baltic Sea Region. The paper presents first
an outline of the general developments of these ideas before looking more closely at the chronicle
of Henry of Livonia and the overall developments in the Baltic Sea Region especially in the early
decades of the thirteenth century. Thus, for chroniclers like Henry of Livonia and his contemporaries
it made very much sense to talk about “the Lord’s Wars” as essentially the ultimate holy war taking
the form of a (formal) regional crusade promising penance in the form of indulgence to those partaking
in these wars along the lines of reformist popes as Eugenius III, Gregory VIII, and Innocent III.

Keywords: Holy War; crusade; crusading; mission; Baltic Sea Region; Estonia; Livonia; St. Augustine;
Henry of Livonia; theology

THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, Vol. 92, 2021, No. 4, Number of Article 3, p. 444 – 462.

DOI: 10.14712/12117617.92.4.3

JAROSLAV HRDLIČKA

HUSITSKÁ TEOLOGICKÁ FAKULTA UNIVERZITY KARLOVY
HUSSITE THEOLOGICAL FACULTY OF CHARLES UNIVERSITY

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TA EIS HEAUTON (František Kovář: Diary 1928 – 1936)

Abstract: This theologian studied at the Theology Faculty of Charles University in Prague, where
he graduated as a Doctor of Theology in 1916. After the First World War, he joined the clergy’s
reformist movement in the Roman Catholic Church, and was involved in the foundation of the
Czechoslovak Hussite Church (CHC). Many years of religious and New Testament study gave Kovář
a broad perspective and prepared him for his theological work in the CHC. From 1926, Kovář
dedicated himself to teaching its theologians and to CHC’s publishing ministry. In 1931-1935 during
the patriarchy of G A Procházka, Kovář operated outside the church for the Ministry of Education
and National Enlightenment. His friends in the Dr. Karel Farský Society helped him return to his
research in the CHC, in particular PhDr Antonín Hartl. Kovář was named Extraordinary Professor of
New Testament Research for the CHC at the Hus Faculty on 19 October 1935.

Keywords: CHCH; Czechoslovak Republic; K. Farský; A. Hartl; F. Kovář; T. G. Masaryk; E. Dlouhý-
Pokorný; G. A. Procházka; A. Spisar; F. Žilka

THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, Vol. 92, 2021, No. 4, Number of Article 2, p. 386 – 443.

DOI: 10.14712/12117617.92.4.2

JAN ROKYTA

KATEDRA FILOSOFIE A RELIGIONISTIKY FAKULTA FILOSOFICKÁ, UNIVERZITA PARDUBICE
FACULTY OF ART AND PHILOSOPHY
DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF PARDUBICE

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FARSKÝ AND MODERNISM

Abstract: The study is devoted to the problem of modernism in the work of the first patriarch Karel
Farsky. The aim is to delineate specific moments that are characteristic of his thought within the
framework of modernism in theology. The study does not aim to place Farsky within a historical
context, but in the context of the history of thought. The figure of Alfred Loisy is also used for
comparison with the direction of modernism in a wider European context. In several places the
work draws on the conclusions of two already published studies.1

Keywords: Karel Farský; modernism; specific ideas of Farsky’s thought

THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, Vol. 92, 2021, No. 4, Number of Article 1, p. 374 – 385.

DOI: 10.14712/12117617.92.4.1

PAVLÍNA KLIMEŠOVÁ

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ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF RABINDRANATH THAKUR (1861-1941)

Abstract: On the occasion of the double anniversary of Rabindranath Thakur (160 years since his
birth and 80 years since his death), this text commemorates this outstanding all-round personality
and focuses particularly on his pedagogical work: Prof. V. Lesny, who worked in Thakur‘s school
in Shantiniketan in Bengal, compared Thakur to our Jan Amos Comenius. Thakur‘s pedagogical
endeavours were also led and carried out by religious motivation. Thākura‘s spiritual philosophy, as
presented in his Sadhana is based on the Upanishads, which along with Christian influences were
the pivotal point of departure for Thākura‘s monotheistic faith. According to Sadhana, the journey
of life is a movement from imperfection to a higher state. This text reflects Thakur‘s view of evil and
imperfection as conditions for higher knowledge, which enable man to give birth to the divine or
infinite within himself. Even pain perfects and “makes us worthy to sit alongside perfection.” The
humanistic message of the Indian poet, the Nobel Laureate of 1913, has an important message for
the contemporary world.

Keywords: Rabindranath Tagore; Shantiniketan; Hinduism; Upanishads; Sadhana
THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, Vol. 92, 2021, No. 3, Number of Article 9, p. 354 – 358.

DOI: 10.14712/12117617.92.3.9

MAGDALENA VYTLAČILOVÁ

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REFLECTION OF READING MARK’S GOSPEL AS A TEXT FROM COLLECTIVE MEMORY BY SANDRA
HÜBENTHAL: BASIC PROBLEMS AND OUTLOOKS

Abstract: The present text reflects the latest book by Sandra Hübenthal (Reading Mark’s Gospel
as a Text from Collective Memory), in which the author reads Mark’s gospel as an externalisation
of the collective memory. Hübenthal develops a hermeneutical and methodological toolkit, which
should (in her own words) be helpful corrective to simplistic scenarios of textual growth. Within
the spectrum of approaches to memory, Hübenthal insists on a radically reconstructive nature of
memories that are different from past events and consequently wants to abandon the research of
the historical Jesus. The book contains numerous simplistic and contradictory theses and does not
shed new light upon Mark. Most importantly, the proposed method is highly problematic because
Hübenthal (unsuccessfully) combines an ahistorical approach (narrative analysis) with assumptions
that require historical research. Thus, by constantly ignoring historical work or pushing it into the
later steps of analysis, Hübenthal makes speculative conclusions and unreflected presumptions
about the interpreted text that guide her interpretation. The presented text is divided into two
parts. In Chapter 2, I explain the individual chapters of the monograph and comment on their
problematic aspects. In Chapter 3, I systematically focus on the main problems, which can be
divided into several areas: a) proposed and used method and theory, b) absence of historical-critical
work, c) approach to the text, which is unsustainable in the context of the period Hübenthal studies.
d) In addition, I briefly comment on the author’s often misleading and uncritical interpretations of
presented theories.

Keywords: Sandra Hübenthal; collective memory; Mark’s Gospel; social memory
THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, Vol. 92, 2021, No. 3, Number of Article 8, p. 338 – 353.

DOI: 10.14712/12117617.92.3.8

LUKÁŠ DE LA VEGA NOSEK

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ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THE DOCUMENT „ON HUMAN FRATERNITY“.
DOCUMENT ON HUMAN FRATERNITY II

Abstract: This paper tries to evaluate a very interesting document on Human Fraternity for World
Peace and Living Together signed at February 2019 by Pope Francis and the Grand Imam of al-
Azhar Ahmad at-Tayyib. Firstly the paper briefly presents the context of its writing and summarizes
the document. Later the paper decides to evaluate the document in three views. First underlines
a number of key, positive and important characteristics of content of the document. Immediately
the paper mentions the unclear and negative ones. The paper concludes on three key facts of the
document: a) the question of the unity of the human race, b) the question of full citizenship for
all citizens, regardless of race, gender, religion or role in society, and finally c) the question of the
fundamental and strong rejection of violence in matters of religion.

Keywords: human fraternity; document of Abu Dhabi; pope Francis; great imam Ahmad at-Tayyeb;
citizenship

THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, Vol. 92, 2021, No. 3, Number of Article 7, p. 322 – 337.
DOI: 10.14712/12117617.92.3.7

ADAM BAUDIŠ

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POLITICAL RELIGIONS AND NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS: EXAMPLE OF NAZISM

Abstract: Political religions are a specific type of religiosity which is usually not reflected outside of
academia because our society (unlike in e.g. the ancient civilizations) perceives politics primarily
as a secular entity. Although the members of the political parties also don’t see their ideology as
religious (not even partially), we can find many examples of religious elements and ritual behaviour
in them. The most accentuated are the typical characteristics of the new religious movements and
most importantly, the millennial ones. The most reflected political religions are totalitarian regimes;
that’s why Nazism is used here as an example. The paper defines the political religions in general
and then shows the particular millennial characteristics of Nazism and deals with the difference
between political religions and new religious movements.

Keywords: political religions; new religious movements; Nazism; Fascism; totalitarianism;
millennialism; politology; history of the 20th century

THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, Vol. 92, 2021, No. 3, Number of Article 6, p. 311 – 321.
DOI: 10.14712/12117617.92.3.6

ONDŘEJ HAVELKA

KATOLICKÁ TEOLOGICKÁ FAKULTA UNIVERZITY KARLOVY
CATOLIC THEOLOGICAL FACULTY OF CHARLES UNIVERSITY

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CHRISTIANITY IN AFRICA: THE THREE PHASES OF CHRISTIANIZATION AND THE SPECIFICS
OF AFRICAN THEOLOGY AND SPIRITUALITY

Abstract: African Christianity stands on a solid tradition of two thousand years. According to
statistics, it is the most widespread religion in contemporary Africa: about half of the continent‘s
entire population professes it – in sub-Saharan Africa it is almost 60% of the population. However,
this statement needs to be supplemented, clarified and the real reality of African Christianity – and
religious life in general – presented. This is the content of this article. The main aim of the article
is to look at the story of African Christianity in the basic outlines, to emphasize its specifics and to
point out three – not two, as it is often abbreviated – phases of the continent‘s Christianization.
Related to this is the clarification and explanation of the African specificity with regard to statistics.
Another goal is to draw attention to selected unique syncretisms of Christianity and the original
African religions – some within the boundaries of orthodoxy, but others outside them. The topic is
elaborated by the method of own field research, which took place in Africa between 2001 and 2019
in a total length of three years, supported by a comparison of relevant literature.

Keywords: African Christianity, Christianization, African theology, Syncretism, Africa

THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, Vol. 92, 2021, No. 3, Number of Article 5, p. 292 – 310.
DOI: 10.14712/12117617.92.3.5

MARTIN WEIS

TEOLOGICKÁ FAKULTA JIHOČESKÉ UNIVERZITY V ČESKÝCH BUDĚJOVICÍCH
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH BOHEMIA IN ČESKÉ BUDĚJOVICE, FACULTY OF THEOLOGY

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LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN THE ALUMNAT IN ČESKÉ BUDĚJOVICE AT THE TURN OF THE 19TH
AND 20TH CENTURIES

Abstract: The study, based on archival sources, printed materials and professional literature,
presents one of the chapters in the history of leisure activities in the environment of a priestly
seminary – alumnat/seminarium in České Budějovice. The theologians of the seminary in České
Budějovice did not spend all their time only studying the theological and philosophical sciences or
praying in the chapel. In the schedule of the day, they also had time for so-called recreation. How did
they fulfil it? We can divide these activities into several areas, physical activities – today we would
say sports activities, hobby activities, passive and active cultural activities, which consisted mainly of
organising various academies, theater performances, singing performances, etc. Their leisure time
activities included also individual reading or conversation. As this study documents with concrete
examples, these leisure activities reflected the spirit of the time and the specifics of the life of future
priests in the alumnat/seminarium more than a hundred years ago.

Keywords: leisure activities; life of societies; cultural activities; sports activities; priestly seminary
– alumnat/seminarium in České Budějovice

THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, Vol. 92, 2021, No. 3, Number of Article 4, p. 285 – 291.
DOI: 10.14712/12117617.92.3.4